Deportation 驱逐出境

Exit strategies 退出策略

Mar 2nd 2017 | ADELANTO, BERLIN AND LONDON

@(TheEconomist)[英语, 翻译, 经济学人]

Removing unauthorised immigrants is difficult and expensive
But rich countries are trying ever harder

非法移民的移除困难而又昂贵
尤其是对富有的国家而言

TEARS stream down Arturo’s cheeks and onto his red jumpsuit as he imagines being deported to Mexico. Deep grooves line his face, a map of the hardships he has experienced since coming to America illegally three decades ago, aged 14. He got mixed up in a bad crowd and was convicted of six armed robberies. After 14 years in jail he was moved to the Adelanto in the Californian desert, where he has spent the past three years. “I made some big mistakes, I know that,” he says. “But I did my time and I’m a different person now.” His mother, wife and friends are all in California. Yet, with little prospect of being granted leave to remain, he may soon be on a bus to Mexico, where he knows hardly anyone.

一想到自己正在被驱逐到墨西哥，Arturo的眼泪就流淌下来，滴到他那红色的连衫裤上。从三十年前14岁时非法入境美国起，无尽的苦难已经在他的脸上刻出深深的皱纹，像是一幅苦难的地图。他混迹于不三不四的人群中间，六次持枪抢劫。在狱中度过14年之后被移送至Adelanto移民拘留所，在那里他度过了之后的三年。“我知道自己曾犯了一些很大的过错。但是现在已经服刑完毕，改过自新了。”他的母亲、妻子和朋友都生活在California。留美前景堪忧的他，可能很快就会在去墨西哥的巴士上。而在墨西哥，他几乎没有朋友。

Nearly 10,000km away, in a refugee camp in Berlin, Aws, a 30-year-old Iraqi who travelled to Europe via Turkey on a flimsy boat, has been denied asylum after two years in Germany. He is appealing; a final decision could take another two years. In Iraq he was a driver for the American army, and he is fearful of being targeted by militants if he returns. He wants to open a shop in Berlin, but while he waits he is not allowed to work. He is despondent—and bored. “I’ve wasted two years of my life,” he sighs.

10000千米之外，在柏林的一个难民营，30岁的伊拉克人Aws刚刚被拒绝庇护。他乘坐一艘脆弱的小船从土耳其来到欧洲，并且在德国生活了两年。Aws的避难申请可能需要另外两年才能被批复。在伊拉克曾经做过美军司机的他，害怕再次回到伊拉克会被好战分子报复。他想在柏林开一家商铺，但是这在申请避难期间并不被允许。他沮丧而又无聊的叹息道：“我已经浪费两年的时间了”

Irene Clennell must have thought that having a British husband and children, and living in Britain for nearly 30 years, would be enough to let her stay there. She was mistaken. In January she was hauled off to a detention centre in Scotland and on February 26th she was put on a flight to Singapore, where she was born. In the 1990s she was granted open-ended permission to remain in Britain, but it lapsed after she spent several years in Singapore looking after her ageing parents. Her later re-applications to live in Britain, where she cared for her sick husband, were denied. After spending time in Britain on a visitor visa she was detained, and then deported with £12 ($15), no change of clothes and no one lined up to stay with in Singapore.

有英国丈夫和孩子，并且在英国生活了将近30年——Irene Clennell一直以为这样的条件足够让自己留下。她错了。一月份她被强制带到苏格兰的收容中心，二月26日她被飞机载往她的出生地新加坡。90年代她被授予留英的开放式许可，但是这一许可在她回新加坡照顾年迈父母几年后失效了。她随后申请留英照顾他生病的丈夫，但是申请被驳回。旅游签证过期后，她被拘留并遣返。遣返费是12英镑（约合15刀），没有换洗衣物。在新加坡，她举目无亲。

America, Germany and Britain are all, in different ways, using deportation as part of their efforts to handle unauthorised economic migrants and failed asylum-seekers—and to respond to rising nativist sentiment. On February 21st America’s Department for Homeland Security (DHS) published new guidelines intended to ensure that more illegal immigrants are deported, more speedily. In Germany a proposed law would make it a bit easier to deport failed asylum-seekers, after nearly 1.2m immigrants applied for asylum from the beginning of 2015 (see chart 1). And, as Britain prepares to leave the European Union, its government has restated its aim to cut net annual immigration, now running at around 300,000, to under 100,000. The target, set in 2010, has driven immigration policy ever since.

美国，德国和英国都在用各种方式遣返非法移民、拒绝避难申请，以此来应对日益高涨的本土主义情绪。二月21日美国国土安全部发布最新准则以促进更多、更快速的驱逐非法移民出境。德国的一项法案则令申请避难失败的难民更快被驱逐。从2015年初起，这些难民已经有120万人之多（参见图一）。英国准备脱欧，英国政府正在调整目标，准备将年度移民数量从现在的30万降至10万。这一指标从2010年起就促进着移民政策的发展。

Barack Obama deported more unauthorised immigrants than any previous president, but most had been caught near the border. By the end of his second term few were deported from the interior of the United States unless they had criminal records (see chart 2). In 2011 67% of those removed from the interior fitted that description; by 2016 it was 92%. Now, however, Donald Trump has said that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) will seek to deport any who have “committed acts which constitute a chargeable criminal offence”, misrepresented themselves to a government agency or “abused” any public benefits programme. Since so many use fake documents or entered the country without going through passport control, this probably includes almost all of them: an estimated 11m, mostly from Mexico, Central America and Asia.

Barack Obama遣返的非法移民比他之前任何一任总统都要多，但是这些移民大多数都是在边境附近抓获的。截至他的第二任期，除了参与犯罪，很少有非法移民从美国内陆被驱逐出境（参见图二）。参与犯罪而被驱逐占比全部被驱逐人数比例已经从2011年的67%提高到2016年的92%。即便如此，Donald Trump已经提议移民和海关执法局驱逐任何可能“构成可被起诉刑事犯罪”、虚假提供个人信息、滥用公益福利项目的个人。由于很多人使用假身份证件、或者跳过护照管控非法入境，这使得Trump的新规可能囊括以上所有人。这些人大约有1100万，大多数来自墨西哥、中美洲和亚洲。

John Kelly, the boss of DHS, has said he intends to make it easier to carry out deportations without a court hearing. At the moment, only illicit migrants found within 100 miles of America’s border who cannot prove they have been in the country for more than 14 days can be removed without being brought before a judge. Mr Kelly has floated the idea of extending such expedited removal to the whole country, and increasing the 14-day limit to two years.

国土安全部部长John Kelly宣布打算越过听证会，让驱逐变得更加容易。同时，在美国边境100公里内被发现，而且不能证明自己在美国境内停留超过14天的非法移民则会被直接驱逐，无需面见法官。Kelly也提议在全国范围内加快驱逐进度，并且把自证停留境内14天的限制提高到两年。

【float the idea】–Putting an idea on the table for people to think about because you want their reactions to it.
it derives from “floating a trial balloon” which is a military tactic to see if the enemy is currently watching and shooting at your air power (ballons).

The DHS also wants to work more closely with local law-enforcement agencies. But not all are willing. Some of the largest cities, including New York, San Francisco and Chicago, have declared themselves “sanctuaries”, arguing that if their police are known to work with federal immigration authorities, immigrants will be less likely to co-operate with them or report crimes. Some jurisdictions ban police from asking members of the public about their immigration status. Others refuse to notify ICE when releasing inmates from custody, or to smooth the transfer of inmates to deportation centres by holding them past their scheduled release dates.

国土安全部同时希望与地方执法部门更加紧密合作，但是这一提议并没有得到广泛配合。考虑到警方一旦接受国土安全部这一提议，难民可能不会再积极配合打击犯罪，包括纽约、旧金山、芝加哥等的一些大城市都宣布自己为“难民庇护所”。一些辖区禁止警察在公众场合询问个人移民情况。另外一些则拒绝向移民和海关执法局提供最新羁押释放囚犯的信息，或者是通过超时羁押来避免羁押犯人被转移到驱逐中心。

Mr Trump has threatened to cut federal funding from places deemed unco-operative, though it is not clear that he can do so legally. He has also vowed to build a wall along the border with Mexico and to increase the number of Border Patrol agents from 21,000 to 26,000. Both policies would be wildly expensive. America already spends 19bn a year on immigration enforcement, more than on the Federal Bureau of Investigations, Drug Enforcement Agency and Secret Service combined. By one estimate, the wall alone will cost 21.6bn. And an extra 5,000 Border Patrol agents would add around 900m to an annual staffing budget of $3.8bn.

尽管合法性尚且存疑，Trump威胁那些不配合驱逐工作的地方政府会削减其联邦拨款。他同样承诺在美墨边境建造一堵墙以及将增加边境巡逻队的规模从21000人增加到26000人。这两项政策无疑花费巨大。美国每年已经花费190亿美元用于移民管控，这一数字超过了联邦调查局、禁毒局和联邦经济情报局的预算总和。据估计，单单边境围墙的建设就会花费216亿美元。多增设的5000名边境巡逻人员则会在现有38亿美元的人员年度预算上增加另外的9亿美元。

It is also unclear whether immigration enforcement near the border can become any stricter. Fewer migrants are arriving from Mexico, not least because the Mexican government has sought to stop Central Americans passing through to get into the United States. The number of expedited removals from the border area is already high. And even if more of the illegal immigrants in the interior are detained, it will be difficult to remove them. Immigration courts are already overwhelmed; in Los Angeles, queues outside regularly stretch around the block. The number of immigration cases pending nationwide has risen from 175,000 a decade ago to 542,000.

至于移民管控是否能够较以前更加严格，则同样不明朗。鉴于墨西哥政府已经禁止中美洲移民通过其边境进入美国，直接从墨西哥入境的难民已经减少。快速的边境驱逐已经积攒了规模巨大的被驱逐人数。而越来越多对内陆非法移民的被羁押会加大驱逐的难度。移民法院已经不堪重负。洛杉矶的移民法院外的队列已经在街角排了好几圈。全国范围内待办的移民案件已经从十年前的175000增长到542000。

Attempts to expand the use of expedited removal would be challenged in court, says Omar Jadwat, a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union, an advocacy group. And anyway, two-thirds of unauthorised adult immigrants have been in America for at least a decade, according to the Pew Research Centre, a think-tank, meaning that even with a two-year cut-off they could not be summarily removed.

来自倡导团体“ 美国民权同盟”的律师Omar Jadwat认为，加快驱逐非法移民的尝试将会在法庭上受到挑战。智库“ 皮尤研究中心”数据表明，无论如何，三分之二的非法移民已经在美国生活超过一个世纪，这也意味着即便套用两年的时间节点，这些移民也无法被完全驱逐。

As America prepares to beef up its giant deportation system yet further, Germany is building one almost from scratch. Although it is processing asylum claims impressively quickly, considering the large number of recent arrivals, some inevitably fail—and Germans are queasy about what should happen next. Deportation, for many, smacks of the Nazi era. The Social Democrats and Green Party oppose it in pretty much all circumstances.

在美国添补完善其庞大的移民系统的同时，德国几乎是在重新制造一套移民系统。即便德国的庇护处理流程令人惊奇的迅速，但是在最近到来的大批难民面前也难免崩溃。德国的移民的未来更是不确定。驱逐出境更像是纳粹时期的产物。社会民主党和绿党几乎无条件反对这一做法

Decisions on asylum are made by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. But it is states that are responsible for removing applicants whose claims fail. Those with left-leaning administrations drag their feet. Although the federal government struck a deal with Afghanistan in October to return its citizens whose asylum applications had failed, Berlin is refusing to return Afghans, deeming their country too dangerous. Nationally, just 77 Afghans have been returned, though 12,000 have been refused the right to remain. More than half of recent deportations have been to three European countries, Albania, Kosovo and Serbia, and hardly any to the Middle Eastern and African ones from which most of the recent immigrants came.

是否给与庇护是由德国联邦移民和难民办公室决定，但是庇护失效难民的移除却是国家的负责。行政部门“左倾”的地区因此裹足不前。尽管联邦政府和阿富汗在去年10月份已经达成协议同意遣返那些申请庇护失败的阿富汗公民，柏林地方政府仍然以阿富汗太过危险为由，拒绝遣返。德国全国境内尽管有12000阿富汗人被剥夺了庇护，但是仅有77名真正被遣返。最近驱逐主要面向三个欧洲国家：阿尔巴尼亚、科索沃和利比亚。几乎没有向难民的源头（中东和非洲）遣返的案例。

【 dragging their feet】–come to a standstill； put down one’s feet；refuse to go further； hesitate to proceed；

In some cases locals have helped migrants to move into churches, from which they cannot be removed. Deportation is barred for those who cannot get passports from their home countries, or who have medical problems. Some countries, particularly in Africa, refuse to take their citizens back. The result is a fast-growing population of immigrants who have no right to remain. Although more than 25,000 people were deported in 2016, up from 11,000 in 2014, Germany now holds 300,000 failed asylum-seekers who have been told they must leave. That figure is expected to be nearly 500,000 by the end of this year.

一些案例中有些地方帮助移民进入他们不会被驱逐的保护所-教堂。无法获得本国护照或者是有健康问题的人群同样不能被驱逐。尤其是在非洲，一些国家拒绝接收他们的居民。这造成了非法移民数量的快速增长。尽管被驱逐人数已经从2014年的11000增长到2016年的25000，但德国目前仍然担负着30万寻求庇护失败人群。这一人群规模预计将会在今年底达到50万。

Many Germans remain relatively sanguine about the influx: in January 57% said they thought their country could absorb a high number of refugees. But after a failed asylum-seeker from Tunisia killed 12 people in Berlin in December, removal has risen up the political agenda. In the same poll, two-thirds said that Germany needed a tougher deportation law.

很多德国人对移民进入保持相对乐观：在一月份57%的调查人群表示他们的国家能够吸纳大量的难民。但是在去年十二月来自突尼斯的难民申请庇护失败后在柏林杀害12人的事件过后，难民的移除已经被提上了政治议程。在同一个调查中，超过三分之二的调查人群表示德国需要更为严厉的驱逐法规。

A bill approved by the government on February 22nd would, if passed by parliament, take some small steps in that direction. Asylum-seekers whose claims are rejected would have to stay in the area where they were registered, to make it easier to keep track of them. Those thought to be a danger to society could be electronically tagged or, in some circumstances, taken into custody. Germany needs to become a “normal immigration country”, says Daniel Thym of the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration. He thinks Germans are starting to understand that deportation is an essential part of a functioning asylum system.

德国政府二月22日批准的一个法案如果在议会没有受到阻拦，将会在驱逐立法上更进一步。申请庇护被拒绝的个人必须停留在他们被注册的地区，这会让监控他们变得更加容易。对于可能对社会造成威胁的个人，可能会被打上电子标记，甚至在某些情形下被监禁。来自德国一体化与移民基金会专家委员会的Daniel Thym说，“德国首先需要成为一个正常的移民国家”，他认为德国正在逐渐意识到驱逐制度是正常的庇护系统不可或缺的一部分。

This island’s mine 这岛，是我的了

Tucked away at the edge of Europe and surrounded by sea, Britain has neither large numbers of unauthorised economic migrants, like America, nor of asylum-seekers, like Germany. Only about 30,000 people applied for asylum in Britain last year. Figures for illegal immigrants are murky, but an estimate in 2009 by the London School of Economics put the total at 618,000. Most are thought to have arrived legally and overstayed their visas, or to have applied for and been denied asylum.

隐匿于欧洲边缘，四面环海的英国不像美国那样有大量的非法移民，也不像德国那样充斥着寻求庇护的人。去年英国只有大约30000人申请庇护。即便非法移民在英国的前景十分暗淡，但是根据英国经济学院2009年的估计，英国非法移民总数依然有618000人。其中大部分为当初合法入境但是签证过期或者是申请庇护失败的。

But in recent years many more people have taken advantage of the EU’s freedom-of-movement rules to come to Britain than to leave it. Almost all economists agree that Britain has benefited: it mostly exports retired people and imports Europeans of working age. Even so, rising discontent with immigration has led the government to stick with the 100,000 a year target for net immigration—and to seek a “hard” Brexit that puts ending freedom of movement ahead of staying in the single market.

近些年来很多人利用欧盟的自由通行政策来到英国却不离开。几乎所有经济学家认为英国从中受益：引入其他适龄欧洲劳动力，同时输出退休的人群。即便如此，人们对移民日益严重的不满情绪使英国政府将移民总量控制在10万人，并且艰难的推行中止自由通行，离开统一市场的“英国脱欧”政策。

Worryingly for the 3m citizens of other EU countries living in Britain, their immigration status after Brexit is uncertain. The prime minister, Theresa May, says that she wants to allow them to remain and work, and is waiting only for the 27 other EU countries to guarantee the same for their British residents. But whereas many other European countries have population registration systems, meaning their British immigrants will easily be able to prove that they are residents, Britain does not.

英国脱欧后，在其境内生活的三百万其他欧盟国家公民的前景则堪忧。英国首相Theresa May 表示希望允许这些人留英工作，当然前提是其他27个欧盟国家给予英国居民同等权利。鉴于其他很多欧盟国家都有人口注册制度，这意味着他国的英国移民能够轻易的留下，而英国的外国移民则不然。

Since the Brexit vote, thousands of EU citizens have applied for formal recognition of their status in Britain by using a complex system modelled on that for migrants from outside Europe. More than a quarter have been rejected, including long-term resident spouses of British citizens, often because of an obscure rule that economically inactive immigrants must have private health insurance. The European Commission says that the requirement breaches free-movement rules, since EU citizens are entitled to use the public National Health Service.

自从英国脱欧投票起，数以千计的欧盟居民通过一个复杂的欧洲外来移民系统来申请官方的留英状态许可。其中超过四分之一的申请被拒绝了，其中就包括英国公民申请长期居住的配偶。这通常是因为一项“经济不活跃移民必须有自己的健康保险”的模糊规定。欧盟委员会声称这一要求违背了自由通行协定，因为欧盟公民被授权享受英国国民健康服务。

In 2016 British authorities used immigration powers to detain around 4,700 citizens of other EU countries, up from 768 in 2009, the year before the 100,000 target was set. Some had committed serious crimes; others were vagrants (EU rules allow the removal of immigrants who have no means of support). But among the infringements cited were the loss of a foreign identity card and holding a birthday party in a public park. As a share of those detained under immigration law, EU citizens now make up 16%; of those who are removed they make up almost a third.

在10万移民总量目标制定的前年2016年，英国政府通过移民管制扣留了大约4700欧盟居民。这一数量在2009年还只有768。这其中有些是重罪犯人，有些则是欧盟法律允许驱逐的流浪汉。带来的恶果则是外国身份证件的遗失，还有就是穷的只能在公园里举办生日聚会。因移民法律被羁押人群中，欧盟公民占比16％，被驱逐人群中的比例则达到将近三分之一。

Endless days 没有尽头的日子

Britain is the only European country to allow indefinite detention under immigration laws. Some of those held are migrants who have committed crimes but cannot be removed, because their home countries are too dangerous. But of those detained last year, more than two-fifths ended up being released. This suggests poor decision-making about who is detained in the first place, says Colin Yeo, an immigration lawyer. Sweden, which gets far more asylum-seekers than Britain, also manages to return a far higher share of those whose claims fail.

英国是唯一一个移民法允许无限羁押的欧洲国家。被羁押的人群中有一部分虽然参与犯罪但是因为其祖国太过危险不能被遣返。不过去年被羁押的人群中，超过五分之二的最终被释放。移民律师Colin Yeo表示，这无疑体现了当初对羁押对象的错误选择。瑞典，作为一个存在比英国更多庇护申请者的国家，同样在准备遣返更多庇护申请失败的人群。

Sweden also has just a tenth as many places in detention centres as Britain does. Rather than locking up immigrants whose applications to remain have failed, officials help them to arrange travel home and to try to work out where they will live and what they will do when they get there. Migrants processed in Sweden feel that they understand the system, says Jerome Phelps of Detention Action, a charity, and so are more likely to accept a decision that they should leave.

瑞典像英国一样，刚刚建造了它第十个收容中心。相比较于把申请失败者囚禁起来，工作人员帮助他们安排回家行程以及未来居住地和工作事宜。收容中心的Jerome Phelps表示，瑞典的移民会更佳理解遣返体系，这也无疑让他们更容易接受自己需要离开的事实。

In recent years Britain’s government has shifted its focus to trying to persuade unauthorised immigrants to leave of their own accord. In 2013 Mrs May, then the home secretary, put up posters and sent vans around British cities emblazoned with: “In the UK illegally? Go home or face arrest”. The next year it became government policy to create a “hostile environment”, by denying unauthorised immigrants bank accounts and driving licences, making it harder for them to get health care and fining landlords who did not check their tenants’ immigration status. In 2016 forced returns of migrants fell by 15% compared with 2014; those of failed asylum-seekers fell by 53%.

最近几年英国政府已经把注意力集中到了劝说非法移民自行离开。2013年Theresa May还是内政大臣的时候放出了遍历英国城市，并且醒目展示“英国安全吗？回家，要不就被捕！”的宣传汽车。之后的一年中，制造敌对气氛成了一项政府的政策。主要的方式为废止非法移民的银行账户和驾驶执照，让他们更难获得健康保障以及对没有认真检查租客移民情况的房主施以罚款。2016年，非法移民被强制驱逐的比例下降了15%，而寻求庇护失败被驱逐的比例则下降了53%。

[of your own accord]by one’s own volition／of one’s own accord／of one’s own motion／on one’s own

But there is little evidence that hostile-environment policies do anything except encourage illegal immigrants to steer clear of the authorities: the posters and vans were abandoned after being deemed a failure. Meanwhile, the attempt to squeeze net immigration down means applications to enter or settle in Britain seem to be denied whenever possible, rather than being decided on their merits.

但是制造敌意的政策除了使非法移民躲的远远的，并没有其他作用。海报和宣传汽车在这一政策被视为失策之后就被禁止。同时，尝试降低移民总量的尝试则意味着申请进入或定居在英国变的几乎不可能，而不是看申请人的业绩。

[steer clear of]—躲开，避开
[on their merit]—根据业绩

People whose applications to remain are denied are not supposed to be returned to countries where they are at risk. But the requirement has been relaxed in recent years, says Maddy Crowther of Waging Peace, a group that helps Sudanese asylum-seekers. Darfuris used to be recognised as at risk of mistreatment; officials now say they can be sent back to other parts of Sudan. Ms Crowther says those deported can be subjected to what her organisation describes as torture but officials call “rough handling”.

移民申请被拒的人群，通常不会被遣返回他们可能有危险的国家。苏丹移民帮助组织Waging Peace的Maddy Crowther提到，这一标准最近已经松动了。 Darfuris之前被视为有虐待风险的地方，工作人员现在宣布移民可以被送回到苏丹的其他地方。Ms Crowther表示被驱逐的难民可能遇到官方口中“粗糙”但是在他们组织看来更像是虐待的遭遇。

After Nadia’s father was killed and her mother was kidnapped by the Janjaweed (a homicidal government-backed militia), she returned to her village in Darfur with her fiancé. He was killed in another attack; she was shot in the leg and raped. When she returned to Khartoum she was seized by security forces who accused her of being a rebel, and beat and raped her. Desperate to leave, she applied for a visa to study in Britain. Under the mistaken impression that her student status meant she could not apply for asylum in Britain, she applied in Ireland instead. After she was rejected, on the ground that with her qualifications she should be able to find work in another part of Sudan, she applied in Britain, once more without success. Only after a series of appeals and periods of detention, during which she suffered flashbacks, was she finally granted asylum.

在政府支持自杀性军事组织Janjaweed 杀害父亲并绑架了她的母亲之后，Nadia和未婚夫回到了她在Darfur的村庄。她未婚夫在另一次攻击中被杀害，她自已腿部中弹并且被强奸。当她回到Khartoum时被安全部队以反抗者的名义逮捕，殴打并且强暴。绝望之下，她申请英国读书签证准备离开。因为对庇护申请存在学生身份不能申请的错误认识，她在爱尔兰进行了申请。在被爱尔兰拒绝之后，她基本上只能在苏丹另一个地区找工作。她又在英国申请庇护，同样没有成功。在经历过一连串的羁押、申诉之后，在之前经历很多次的闪回之后，她终于被获准庇护。

Decisions on student and work visas are also being tightened. Shiromini Satkunarajah, a Sri Lankan national, arrived in Britain eight years ago, aged 12, with her father, who held a student visa. After his death in 2011 she was allowed to stay to finish her schooling. She had almost finished a degree when she was told she must leave. In February she was held for a week in Yarl’s Wood detention centre, before being released after a national outcry. What makes the case ridiculous as well as brutal is that her skill—engineering—is recognised by the government as being in short supply, meaning that engineering jobs can be offered to people from outside the EU without having to be advertised in Britain first.

工作签证和学生签证同样被缩紧发放。8年前，12岁的斯里兰卡公民Shiromini Satkunarajah和她持有学生签证的父亲一起来到英国。在她的父亲2011年去世后，她被允许留下来完成学业。在她就快拿到学位的时候被要求离开。二月份她被羁押在Yarl’s Wood收容中心足足一周，之后由于一场全国范围的抗议被释放。让整件事尤其滑稽而又残忍的是：她的工程设计技能被英国政府认定为短缺技能。这也意味着工程类工作可以不用在国内公开招聘直接提供给欧盟外的人们。

The cost of detention and deportation is pushing some places to look at other options. A bed in ICE’s adult facilities costs the American taxpayer $129 a day. Forced removals are also pricey, partly because immigration officials must usually accompany the deportee. In 2015 chartering a flight from Germany to Georgia to return 20 failed asylum-seekers cost €163,000.

收容羁押和驱逐遣返的高额花费使得某些地方在寻求其他方案。移民和海关执法局收容所的一个床位每天会花费美国纳税人129刀。由于移民官员通常需要陪同被驱逐者，强制驱逐同样费用高昂。2015年，一次从德国遣返20名避难申请人到格鲁吉亚的专机花费了163000欧元。

Keeping tabs on unauthorised immigrants under a system similar to parole, with electronic ankle tags, telephone check-ins and unannounced house visits, is cheaper and more humane. And as a substitute for deportation, in the past few years Germany has sought to increase the number of “voluntary assisted returns”. The idea is to offer failed asylum-seekers a modest but useful amount of cash and a plane ticket home. Last year 54,000 took up the offer, up from 35,000 in 2015 and 13,000 in 2014. A sliding scale has recently been introduced to encourage early voluntary departure: an asylum-seeker whose claim looks unlikely to succeed and withdraws his application will get an extra €1,200. If it is rejected and he does not appeal, he gets around €800.

像保释制度一样，通过电子脚环标签、电话报道以及不定期居住地摆放的方式来控制非法移民则显得更为廉价和有人情味。德国最近几年同样在推动“自助回国”政策的施行，以此来作为遣返的替代方案。这一策略是给申请庇护失败的非法移民提供适量的现金和回家的机票。相较于2014年的13000人和2015年的35000人，去年接受这一政策的人数已经上升到54000人。为了鼓励非法移民提前自愿离开，最近德国政府将补贴额度调整至随时间递减。对于一个没有太大希望申请庇护成功的人，如果他在申请庇护办理之前撤回申请，能够得到额外1200欧元的补贴。如果没有撤回申请，在申请被拒后，他只能拿到大概800欧元。

When it’s time to say goodbye 需要说再见的时候

But no matter how fairly and quickly immigration applications are heard, some will be rejected—and some migrants will not go home. In Germany, 150,000 failed asylum-seekers who are supposed to leave have been granted a semi-formal “tolerated” status which gives them access to health care and a small amount of cash; some are allowed to work. Only by integrating those who stay can countries avoid creating a long-term illegal underclass like America’s, and poisoning politics for decades to come.

无论移民申请被响应的速度有多么快，总有人会被拒绝，也会有人无家可归。在德国，本应该离开的150000申请庇护失败人群被授予半正式的“容许”状态，这让他们能够接受医疗保障，持有少量现金，甚至有些人能够参加工作。只有通过融合留下来的所有人，才能让国家免于产生像美国那样的长期非法下等阶级，避免未来几个世纪的政治流毒。